AMPD3 and congestive heart failure: Increased expression of AMPD3 in skeletal muscle of patients with CHF may reflect a fuel shift toward increased catabolism of amino acids and thus provide a novel mechanism linking metabolic dysregulation and muscle wasting in patients with CHF given AMPD3 is upregulated in various atrophic conditions in animal models such as disuse, starvation, cancer, and denervation.14