INS and gestational diabetes: In the largest study of women with GDM (n = 751) randomized to metformin or insulin treatment at 20–33 weeks of gestation, comparable pregnancy outcomes were observed between the two arms [12]; a follow-up study of their offspring reported that metformin-exposed children in the New Zealand cohort were larger at 7–9 years of age, although no such difference was seen in the Adelaide cohort [28].