If the “conventional” treatments are essentially based on the use of bronchodilators, inhaled steroids, and antibiotics (when infections occur), augmentation (replacement) therapy, consisting of the intravenous infusion of the missing AAT protein, is presently being used, under special circumstances, as an efficient long-term medical treatment of AATD [17,18,19]. The gene discussed is SERPINA1; the disease is alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency.