In accordance with these molecular studies, analysis of sera from a CKD cohort from the Dialysis Access Consortium Clopidogrel Prevention of Early AV Fistula Thrombosis trial or the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction II trial showed that patients with subsequent arteriovenous thrombosis had significantly higher serum levels of IS and Kyn, and they induced greater AHR and TF activity in endothelial cells and vSMCs as compared to those without thrombosis. This evidence concerns the gene TF and chronic kidney disease.