When ischemic stroke induces generation of cytokines, such as TNF-α that can activate NF-kB–dependent gene transcription through the NF-kB pathway, the inhibitor of kB (IkB) acts as another target of HSP70 and, when bound, can interrupt NF-kB activation by preventing phosphorylation of IkB (Figure 3) [91,92]. This evidence concerns the gene HSPA1A and ischemic stroke.