One of the ways of the individual's immune response to tumor antigens is to recruit cytotoxic T cells to secrete interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the tumor microenvironment through induction of the JAK/STAT1/interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) pathway, thus inducing PD-L1 expression [20, 21]. Here, IRF1 is linked to neoplasm.