Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor has been intensively used for treatment of cancer therapy-induced neutropenia (Morstyn et al., 1988; Sheridan et al., 1992; Paul et al., 2014) and other neutropenic conditions (Becker-Cohen et al., 2015; Mehta, Malandra & Corey, 2015; Skokowa et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene CSF3 and cancer.