Decreased expression of E2F1 mRNA expression was observed in patients with alcoholism (0.03-fold, p=0.002) and smoking (0.03fold, p < 0.0001) while patients who were nonalcoholic and nonsmokers showed 0.07-fold increase in expression, and differences among them were found to be statistically significant. The gene discussed is E2F1; the disease is alcohol dependence.