SERPINE1 and cancer: SERPINE1, an endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor, also known as PAI-1, was reported widely expressed in various cancers and closely related to patients’ outcomes.29,30 Interestingly, Ostheimer et al. pointed out that low PAI-1 levels were associated with a significantly reduced OS and PFS in patients with lung cancer undergoing radiotherapy.31 This stands in accordance with our results.