In the present study, compared with PbANKA-mono-infected mice, more severe hepatosplenomegaly and more overt hepatic pathology with increased hepatic inflammatory infiltrates of CD68+ macrophages, elastase-positive neutrophils, and eosinophils were measured, but similar serum levels of liver function enzymes ALT and AST were examined in the co-infected mice on day 13 post-PbANKA infection. This evidence concerns the gene CD68 and infection.