A unifying theory is that HLA alleles associated with ATLL show a limited recognition of HTLV-1 Tax peptide anchor motifs and epitopes capable of generating anti-HTLV-1 Tax CD8+ T cells while for HAM/TSP they induce strong cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses against the viral oncoprotein Tax [15, 16]. Here, CD8A is linked to tropical spastic paraparesis.