CCL2 and COVID-19: COVID-19 patients display high levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-1a/β, IP-10, MCP-1), with severe cases showing elevation in TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, IL-18, IL-8, IL-10, MCP-1 and MIP-1A, leading to severe pulmonary tissue damage [84,86,95,99].