Because Sugen systemically suppresses VEGFR-2 VEGFR-1, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, c-Kit (stem cell factor receptor) and RET (tyrosine kinase receptor) in all cell types and also causes emphysema [25], we selectively disrupted only VEGFR-2 signaling in endothelial cells, to dissect this pathway in PH and to overcome the pleiotropic effects on different pulmonary cells including alveolar cells type 1 and 2 [25, 36, 51]. Here, RET is linked to pulmonary emphysema.