Similar observations have since been reported for other tumor types, including ovarian and oral squamous cell carcinomas, that link GLI2 and TGF-β expression to tumor aggressiveness via various mechanisms such as induction of PTHrP, leading to enhanced osteolytic bone metastases, or that of a stemness-like phenotype that also promotes metastatic progression18–20. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.