Several genes known to have a causative role in the development of PD, such as PARK2, PARK7, PINK1, LRRK2, SNCA, ATP13A2, PLA2G6, GBA are highly expressed in astrocytes and play important roles in astrocytic functions including in the inflammatory response, glutamate uptake, mitochondrial function, lysosomal function, autophagy, oxidative stress, calcium signaling, neurotrophic capacity and neuroprotection25. This evidence concerns the gene SNCA and Parkinson disease.