TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis: On the other hand, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), anti-FGFR antibodies or peptides, and FGF traps have been found as approaches aimed to block FGF signaling.328 A TKI, Nintedanib, which targets FGFRs 1-3, PDGF receptors α/β, and VEGF receptors 1-3, has been approved in the USA and the EU to treat IPF.329 Recent studies found that FGF1 may have preventative and therapeutic effects on transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced pulmonary fibrosis through inducing AEC proliferation, inhibiting myofibroblast differentiation, regulating TGF-β1 signaling, and FGFR1 expression.