TNF and COVID-19: As per reports, mild COVID-19 cases revealed higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines like IFN-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, and IP-10 whereas individuals with severe COVID-19 had upregulation of IP-10, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, G-CSF, MCP-1 and MIP-1A [25, 76] resulting into cytokine storm syndrome followed by severe pulmonary damage and death due to respiratory failure.