TNF and Alzheimer disease: In addition to a prominent proinflammatory response, as shown by increased levels of e.g., CCL2, MIP-1 alpha and beta, IL-1, IL-6 TNF-α, several cytokines associated with Th2-type immune responses were indeed present at day 14 in this AD-model, e.g., IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, while the Th1-associated cytokines IL-12 and IFN-γ showed no activity or was present only in very low levels, thus suggesting that topical application with MC903 induced predominantly a Th2-type cytokine response profile (Figure 5, upper panel).