Balkan endemic nephropathy, aristolochic acid nephropathy, and analgesic nephropathy all share the common association between CKD and UTUC due to nephrotoxic and carcinogenic effects [39], probably due to the presence of TP53 mutational signature in urothelial carcinoma and aristolactam-DNA adducts in the renal cortex [40,41]. Here, TP53 is linked to Balkan nephropathy.