NFKB1 and neoplasm: In addition, the metabolites produced by commensal bacteria such as butyrate and propionate (SCFAs) can control the development of colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells by upregulating the Toll-like receptors (TLR), activating the nuclear factor kB (NF-kB), releasing interleukins including IL-6, IL-17 and TNF-alpha and finally leading to a persistent inflammation in the tumor microenvironment.