TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: With the release of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, etc.)and chemokines (CXC, CC, CX3C, etc.)and with the generous activation of inflammatory leukocytes, alveolar capillary membrane damage and type I alveolar epithelial cell necrosis appear and inflammatory exudates gather in the lung stroma, resulting in acute pulmonary edema and acute respiratory failure, which can further develop into more serious ARDS [78].