TGFB1 and neoplasm: Theoretically, sensitivity to ICIs could be enhanced by multiple strategies such as (i) priming adaptive responses through therapies that release tumor antigens (radiotherapy or chemotherapy) or cancer vaccines, (ii) increasing antigen presentation by intratumoral delivery of oncolytic virus or RNA adjuvants, (iii) with agents that inhibit VEGF and TGF-β, which are able to enhance dendritic cell function and decrease Tregs in the tumor microenvironment, or (iv) through agonistic antibodies that target immunostimulatory molecules such as CD40 or CD137.