CCR5 and HIV infectious disease: The ability of opiates to modulate HIV infection and HIV neuropathogenesis/disease progression may be partly due to the interactive effects seen between the opioid and chemokine receptors, specifically MOR and CCR5 or CXCR4 (Rogers and Peterson 2003; Steele et al. 2003; Szabo et al. 2003; Festa and Meucci 2012).