Since the upregulation of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on the cancer surface can impair the antitumor efficacy of CD8+ T cells [19], we measured the level of PD-L1 mRNA to assess the influence of RT, TNuF, or the combination on the PD-L1 expression (Figure 5D,E). Here, CD274 is linked to cancer.