Some earlier studies showed that high levels of the biomarkers sclerostin, osteoprotegerin, FGF or FGF-KLOTHO axis, and/or vitamin D deficiency [46,47,48] correlated positively with AS, while others did not confirm the association of these biomarkers with AS in prevalent hemodialysis patients [49,50,51,52]. The gene discussed is SOST; the disease is vitamin D deficiency.