INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Although China still has one of the lowest rates of T1DM in the world, in the past 20 years, the incidence of T1DM among children under the age of 15 years has nearly quadrupled, and the number of newly diagnosed adults with T1DM has increased significantly.[4] Owing to insufficient insulin production, patients must submit to multiple daily injections of insulin or continuous subcutaneous insulin injection; otherwise, blood glucose cannot be well controlled.[5] The incidence of T1DM is lower than that of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but T1DM is more dangerous.