Therefore, we conclude that temporal 4-1BB triggering transiently increased the number of activated effector CD8+ T cells in TDLNs and induced LN swelling; however, chronic 4-1BB triggering sustained the accumulation of effector CD8+ T cells in TDLNs due to the continuous activation of CD8+ T cells and thus led to the development of granulomas in TDLNs. This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF9 and Granuloma.