TNFRSF9 and Granuloma: Numerous types of mAb-based immunotherapeutic agents designed to enhance antitumor T cell responses are currently in clinical trials and are expected to be used in combination therapies for the treatment of various cancers to maximize their therapeutic effects.32 Since repeated 4-1BB triggering led to granuloma development in TDLNs and impaired antitumor T cell responses in the latter phase of anti-4-1BB therapy, we next sought to determine whether 4-1BB-induced development of granulomas in TDLNs is accelerated in the presence of a PD-1 blocker.