GZMB and systemic lupus erythematosus: Type I IFN plays a key pathogenic role in SLE, and accordingly, IFN-inducible genes are highly enriched in cTph cells from SLE patients.29 Furthermore, cTph cells in SLE upregulate Th1 and cytotoxicity-related genes, such as CXCR3,27,28 T-bet, and GZMB.29 Further studies on cTph cells, particularly in association with inflamed tissues, will increase our understanding of their association with disease pathogenesis.