Most previous studies comparing T-cell infiltration or PD-L1 expression between primary and metastatic tumors were performed in colorectal cancer or renal cell carcinoma23,32, in which metastasectomy is the standard treatment to improve survival, or in breast or non-small cell lung cancer, for which re-biopsy is recommended in clinical practice to inform the palliative systemic therapy regimen15,17,19. Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.