PMM1 and childhood onset asthma: A number of 13 genes have been documented to implicate in asthma risk in the GWAS catalog and previous studies; for example, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DRB5, HLA-DRB1, TLR6, and MPHOSPH9. Interestingly, there were 18 genes newly identified to be associated with childhood-onset asthma; e.g., PSMB9, TAP2, PMM1, and ACTR1A. Except for PSMD3, none of these 31 genes obtained any significant or suggestive association signals from MAGMA analysis of GWAS data on Null phenotype (Table 1).