PITX1 and cancer: The bacterial toxins that induce hallmarks of cancer enroll two main routes, one leading to a direct attack to DNA, as in the case of colibactin or CDT that cause mutations and genome instability, the other engaging signaling pathways that modulate cell proliferation, replication, and death, ultimately resulting in transformation, as for BFT, CNF1, FadA, or AvrA (Table 1).