In addition to preoperative conditions, a previous study has investigated the effects of general anaesthesia on three protein biomarkers (Squamous Cell Carcinoma antigen (also known as ‘Serpin B3’), Carcinoembrionic Antigen (CEA) and CYFRA 21-1 (a soluble fragment of ‘Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 19′, KRT19)) in plasma from patients with lung cancer. The gene discussed is KRT19; the disease is lung carcinoma.