In addition, the phosphorylation of ATG5 by PAK1 also promotes the formation of ATG5-ATG12-ATG16L, which is one of the core complexes of autophagy with E3 ligase activity, and PAK1-ATG5 induced autophagy promotes glioblastoma (GBM) growth 101. Here, ATG12 is linked to glioblastoma.