OPN interacts with integrins to induce the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3Kinase), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phospholipase C-γ and protein kinase C through the c-Src-dependent transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in cancer cells33,34. This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and cancer.