In addition to showing up‐regulation of previously well‐known effector genes in PAH, such as TNFα, IL‐6 and IL‐12,2, 18 pathway‐based data integration and visualization using the Pathview and hierarchical clustering analysis of DEGs using Morpheus also revealed up‐regulation of less well‐appreciated genes in TLR pathways, such as up‐regulated genes including TLR2, MyD88, CD14, LBP and TAB1, as well as down‐regulated genes including TAB2, NFKBIA (IκBα) and TRAF6 (Figure 4A,B). This evidence concerns the gene NFKBIA and pulmonary arterial hypertension.