The reduced size of SMCav1.2+/− mouse bladders, accompanied by reduced bladder wall thickness and smooth muscle cell size (Fig. 8a–g), resembled human patients and animal models with ketamine cystitis in bladder size and histopathology, and in decreased c-fos and c-jun mRNA and protein levels (Supplementary Fig. 17). This evidence concerns the gene JUN and chronic cystitis.