In addition, the expression levels of fibrosis-related genes (Tgfb1, Fn1, and Col1a1) and inflammation-related genes (Emr1, Il1a, and Tnf) were lower in the kidneys of AD + Abx mice than those in AD mice without antibiotic treatment, suggesting that the antibiotic treatment could ameliorate renal fibrosis and inflammation in this model (Figure 4g). Here, COL1A1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.