IL1A and renal fibrosis: In addition, the expression levels of fibrosis-related genes (Tgfb1, Fn1, and Col1a1) and inflammation-related genes (Emr1, Il1a, and Tnf) were lower in the kidneys of AD + Abx mice than those in AD mice without antibiotic treatment, suggesting that the antibiotic treatment could ameliorate renal fibrosis and inflammation in this model (Figure 4g).