Importantly, in a local cohort using RNAseq, in 2 public cohorts using Nanostring technology or RNA panel sequencing, and in a public cohort of patients treated with anti CTLA-4, we validated the use of the lymphoid score to predict outcomes of patients treated with anti PD-1/PD-L1 as monotherapy for lung cancer, melanoma, or head and neck cancer. Here, CTLA4 is linked to lung carcinoma.