Although a decrease in circulating and skeletal muscle IGF-1 has been reported in various chronic conditions, including cancer, congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and COPD, and aging [5,163] (Figure 2), more studies are required to determine whether IGF-1 administration could be a therapeutic approach to treat muscle atrophy in these patients (discussed below). Here, IGF1 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.