Importantly, Poggio et al. showed that Pdl1 knockout or exosome depletion by knocking out Smpd3, the gene encoding nSMase2, was sufficient to restore the anti-tumour immune response and to induce an efficient anti-tumour immune-memory response in the murine TRAMP-C2 prostate cancer model [189]. This evidence concerns the gene SMPD3 and prostate carcinoma.