VSIG4 and autoimmune disease: Elevated expression of VSIG4 occurs in the context of autoimmune disease and cancer in both mice and humans [e.g., foam cell Mφ (Lee et al., 2006), synovial Mφ in arthritic joints (Lee et al., 2006), Mφ in tumor microenvironment (Liao et al., 2014; Sturtz et al., 2014; Xu, Jiang, et al., 2015)], and has been proposed as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator of several diseases, including cancer, preeclampsia, and rheumatoid arthritis (Roh et al., 2017; Textoris et al., 2013; Xu, Jiang, et al., 2015; Zheng et al., 2016).