PDCD1 and cancer: Histone deacetylase inhibitor are found to synergize with CTLA-4 or PD-1 blockers to eradicate primary tumor and metastases in murine models.15 Moreover, neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been demonstrated to stimulate tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and upregulate PD-L1 expression in tumor cells in cancer patients.16 Therefore, chemotherapeutic drugs exhibiting these immunostimulatory properties represent attractive candidates for combination with immunotherapy.