To test this hypothesis, the expression of TGF-β signaling pathway related molecules (TGF-β, BMP4, ICAM1 and VCAM1) was determined through qRT-PCR and western blotting and the results showed that the expression levels of these molecules were significantly downregulated in PGAM1 silencing NSCLC cells (Fig. 5f, g). This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.