BMP4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: To test this hypothesis, the expression of TGF-β signaling pathway related molecules (TGF-β, BMP4, ICAM1 and VCAM1) was determined through qRT-PCR and western blotting and the results showed that the expression levels of these molecules were significantly downregulated in PGAM1 silencing NSCLC cells (Fig. 5f, g).