We further confirmed the significant activation of the TGF-β signaling pathway, cell adhesion molecules and focal adhesion pathways in PGAM1-high-expression NSCLC tissues by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) analysis, indicating that the TGF-β signaling pathway may be involved in the oncogenic role of PGAM1 in NSCLC (Fig. 5c–e). This evidence concerns the gene PGAM1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.