NUCLEOLIN and lung carcinoma: It is reported that nucleolin could be recruited to the 5′-UTR of Sp1 mRNA in the cytoplasm as an IRES (internal ribosomal entry site, nucleolin binding site is +1/250 bp of 5′-UTR of Sp1 mRNA) transacting factor to enhance the translation of Sp1 mRNA during lung cancer formation [31], and PI3K/AKT-induced phosphorylation of nucleolin at Thr76 and Thr84 promoted nucleolin translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in the cells of colorectal carcinoma [30].