There is evidence suggesting that butyrate ameliorates HFD-induced NAFLD and NASH via restoring the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and improving gut barrier (68), activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) in the liver, suppressing hepatic inflammation and enhancing GLP-1R expression (69, 70). This evidence concerns the gene PPARA and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.