TGFB1 and diabetic foot: Deficiency in TGF-β1 expression as in CD18–/– (Peters et al., 2005) or dysregulated TGF-β1 signaling as in diabetic foot ulcers (Badr et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2016) and chronic venous leg ulcers (Sindrilaru et al., 2011) result in chronic non-healing wounds, whereas excessive TGF-β1 leads to contracture and scarring as seen in hypertrophic scars and keloid scars (Jagadeesan and Bayat, 2007; Chalmers, 2011; Wynn and Ramalingam, 2012).