TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin to a microfluidic model of the epithelial microchannel demonstrates secretion of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL6, IL8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha which lead to increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, villous blunting, and intestinal barrier dysfunction similar to that seen in inflammatory bowel disease (Kim et al., 2016).