Also, the overexpression or inactivation of genes encoding enzymes involved in the control of pectin structure [e.g., pectin methyl esterases (PME) and PME inhibitors], results in the modification of the degree of OGs release upon infection, and alterations of disease resistance phenotypes (Ferrari et al., 2008; Raiola et al., 2011; Lionetti et al., 2017; Benedetti et al., 2018; De Lorenzo et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene CSTB and infection.