While in our initial findings we observed both the subtypes CD103+CD11b+ and CD103+CD11b− siLP-DCs to have reduced RALDH activity in AF mice (Figures 1E,F), the cell recovery of CD103+CD11b− siLP-DCs from SPF and GF mice were low and the level of enzyme activity in this cell type showed variability among individual mice (Figures 1C,F). Here, ITGAM is linked to atrial fibrillation.