Furthermore, the pre-treatment of aged mice with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone and the stress-reducing agent tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) decreases the pneumonia-associated mortality among the aged mice due to the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which increases the pathogen clearance, and lowers the infection-associated pneumonitis (92). Here, NLRP3 is linked to infection.